تأثیر دوازده هفته تمرینات شطرنج در شرایط تنگی زمان بر برخی شاخص‌های الکتروانسفالوگرافی و مهارتی در شطرنج‌بازان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران

2 گروه فیزیولوژی پزشکی،دانشکده علوم پزشکی، واحد علوم پزشکی تبریز، دانشگاه آزاداسلامی، تبریز، ایران

چکیده

زمینه و هدف: شطرنج در شرایط تنگی زمان از چالش‌های بسیار مهمی است که شطرنج‌بازان در طول رقابت‌های گوناگون در مراحل پایانی بازی با آن مواجه می‌شوند و عملکرد ورزشکاران این رشته را در طول رقابت تحت تأثیر قرار می‌دهد، ازاین‌رو پیشنهاد راهکارهای تمرینی مناسب در راستای بهبود عملکرد ورزشکاران این رشتۀ ورزشی و بررسی سازوکارهای مربوطه ضروری است. بنابراین هدف از تحقیق حاضر، بررسی تأثیر 12 هفته تمرینات شطرنج در شرایط تنگی زمان بر شاخص‌های الکتروانسفالوگرافی و مهارتی در شطرنج‌بازان است.
مواد و روش‌ها: در یک پژوهش نیمه‌تجربی از میان شطرنج‌بازان 15-22 سال در بازۀ درجۀ بین‌المللی (ELO) 1400-2000 که پیشینۀ دست‌کم سه سال شطرنج را داشتند، 28 نفر به‌صورت داوطلبانه در پژوهش شرکت نمودند و در دو گروه 14 نفره شامل گروه تمرین در شرایط تنگی زمان و گروه تمرینات همیشگی شطرنج جایگزین شدند. در اولین روز پژوهش، وزن، قد، شاخص تودۀ بدنی و شاخص‌های الکتروانسفالوگرافی آزمودنی‌ها در حالت استراحت و حین بازی در شرایط تنگی زمان اندازه‌گیری شد. گروه تمرین شطرنج، 12 هفته تمرینات ویژۀ شطرنج در شرایط تنگی زمان را به‌صورت پنج جلسه در هفته و هر جلسه به مدت چهار ساعت در بازۀ زمانی چهار تا هشت عصر انجام دادند. گروه کنترل در این مدت تمرینات همیشگی شطرنج خود را داشتند. در هفته‌های ششم و دوازدهم اجرای روش تمرینی، شاخص‌های الکتروانسفالوگرافی و مهارتی تمام آزمودنی‌ها برای تعیین توان مطلق امواج تتا، آلفا و نسبت تتا به آلفا ثبت شد. تغییرات شاخص‌های مورد بررسی طی مراحل گوناگون اندازه‌گیری با آزمون‌های آنووای مکرر با عامل بین گروهی، آزمون تعقیبی بنفرونی و تی مستقل به کمک نرم‌افزار SPSS22 در سطح معناداری 05/0> P بررسی شد.
نتایج: پس از تأیید همگنی گروه‌ها در متغیر پژوهش (05/0<P)، پس از شش هفته انجام تمرین با محدودیت زمانی و همیشگی افزایش معناداری درون گروهی در شاخص توان مطلق امواج تتا، آلفا و نسبت تتا به آلفا مشاهده شد (05/>P)، اما تفاوت بین‌گروهی از دید شاخص‌های یادشده دیده نشد (05/0<P). با این ‌همه پس از 12 هفته میزان افزایش موج تتا و نسبت آلفا به تتا در گروه تمرین با محدودیت زمانی به‌طور معناداری با گروه تمرین همیشگی تفاوت داشت (05/ >P).
نتیجه‌گیری: تمرینات شطرنج با محدودیت زمانی شاید سبب ایجاد تغییرات مثبتی در قشر مغزی با تعدیل فعالیت امواج تتا شود. بنابراین تمرینات شطرنج با محدودیت زمانی می‌تواند مداخلۀ مؤثری برای بهبود امواج مغزی و فعالیت الکتریکی قشر مغز و به‌طور نهفته ارتقای عملکرد مغزی شطرنج‌بازان باشد.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of 12 weeks of chess-based training under time pressure on some electroencephalographic and skill indices in chess players

نویسندگان [English]

  • Vahid Sari-Sarraf 1
  • javad vakili 1
  • Seyed Mahmoud Tabatabaei 2
  • Asghar Golizadeh 1
1 Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
2 Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and Purpose: Playing chess under time pressure is one of the most important challenges faced by chess players during various competitions in the final stages of the game, and it affects the performance of athletes in this field during the competition. Therefore, suggesting the suitable training solutions is considered necessary to improve the performance of athletes in this sport along with its occurrence mechanisms. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of chess-based training in time pressure on the electroencephalography and skill indices in chess players.
Materials and Methods: In a semi-experimental research among chess players with age range of 15-22 yearsin the international level (ELO)of 2000-1400 who had the experience of at least 3 years of chess activity, 28 players voluntarily participated in the study and were randomly allocated into two groups including chess-based training under time pressure and the normal chess training. On the first day of the study, weight, height, body mass index and electroencephalography indices were recorded at rest and during the game under time pressure. The chess-based training group did 12 weeks of special chess training under time pressure,5 sessions per week, 4 hours per session between 16:00 to 20:00. In the sixth and twelfth week of the study protocol, the electroencephalography and skill indices of all subjects were recorded to determine the absolute and relative power of theta and alpha waves and the theta to alpha ratio. The data were analyzed by using a analysis of variance with between group factor, bonferroni post hoc and independent t-test using SPSS22 software at a significance level of P<0.05.
Results: Two groups were homogenouse for all measured variables (P>0.05). Six weeks of regular and time-limited exercise resulted in a significant increase in the absolute and relative power index of theta and alpha waves, and the ratio of theta to alpha waves (P<0.05), though no intra-group and inter-group differences were observed for these variables (P>0.05). However, the increase in theta wave and the alpha to theta ratio in the time-limited training group were significantly higher than the normal training group.
Conclusion: It could be concluded that time-limited chess-based training may result in positive changes in the cerebral cortex by modulating theta wave activity. Therefore, time-limited chess training can be an effective intervention to improve the brain waves and electrical activity of the cerebral cortex, and that it could potentially improve the brain performance of chess players.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Chess
  • Chess-Based Training under Time Pressure
  • Electroencephalography
  • Theta
  • Alpha Waves
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